单位词(partitive)又叫“单位名词”(Unit Noun)是表示事物个体性的词语。英语的可数名词可与单位词搭配表示“一群”、“一帮”等意义;不可数名词一般没有单、复数形式,不可以个数计算,要对这类名词计数也得用单位词。
英语单位词大都借用普通名词,因此一般都有词汇意义。它们大体可以分为下列几类:
1) 一般表示个数的单位词
这类单位词包括piece, bit, item, article,它们的搭配能力很强,特别是piece, bit, 一般不可数名词通常都可贺它们搭配。例如:a piece of advice/ armour/ bacon/ bread/ cake/ chalk/ cloth/ coal/ evidence/ folly/ furniture/ ice/ information/ land/ meat/ music/ news/ paper/ research/ sugar/ work; a bit of advice/ bread/ grass/ news/ trouble/ wood等等。
2) 表示形状的单位词
这类单位词,如cake, bar, drop, ear, flight, grain, head, loaf, lump, spiral, slice等,都与物类的形状有关,因此搭配能力颇受限制。例如:
a cake of soap ten head of cattle/ cabbage
a bar of chocolate a bundle of wirewood
a drop of water a loaf of bread
an ear of corn a lump of sugar
a flight of stairs a spiral of incense
a grain of sand a slice of meat
3) 表示容积的单位词
这类单位词,如bottle, bowl, pail, bucket, glass, cup, handful, spoonful, truckload, lorryload等,都是一些表示容积的普通名词,搭配能力较强。例如:
a bottle of ink a cup of tea
a bowl of rice a handful of clay
a pail of water two spoonfuls of hot water
a bucket of milk a truckload of steel
a glass of beer four lorryloads of sand
4) 表示动作状态的单位词
这类单位词,如fit, peal, flash, display等,通常只限于某些固定搭配。例如:
a fit of anger/ coughing/ laughter/ fever
a peal of applause/ laughter/ thunder
a flash of hope/ light/ lightning
a display of courage/ force/ power/ skill/ fireworks
5) 表示成双、成组、成群的单位词
这类单位词包括pair, group, flock, herd, litter, swarm, bench, troupe, pack, shoal, school等,通常也只限于某些固定搭配。例如:
a pair of shoes a school of whales
a flock of birds a group of people
a herd of elephants a bench of judges
a litter of kittens a troupe of actors
a swarm of bees a gang of hooligans
a shoal of fish a pack of lies
(章振邦,2000,新编英语语法教程,上海:上海外语教育出版社。70-2)